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1 The solution to narcotic addiction in the People's Republic of ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/347925/
Before Liberation in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party had kept opium out of their areas. However, it took until 1953 to rid China completely of opium. Twenty ...
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2 Opium Throughout History | FRONTLINE - PBS
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html
1799, China's emperor, Kia King, bans opium completely, making trade and poppy cultivation illegal. ; 1800, The British Levant Company purchases nearly half of ...
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3 History of opium in China - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China
Imports of opium into China stood at 200 chests annually in 1729, when the first anti-opium edict was promulgated. ... By the time Chinese authorities reissued ...
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4 The New Opium War: A National Emergency - PRISM
https://cco.ndu.edu/News/Article/1767465/the-new-opium-war-a-national-emergency/
3 When the number of Chinese addicts had grown to an estimated 4–12 million by 1838, the Chinese emperor banned opium. This led to the First ...
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5 A Social History of Drug Consumption in China - jstor
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23638784
Development of America's First Drug Laws*. Gregory Yee Mark** ... the U.S. had with drugs was smuggling opium into China. The sailing of the first American ...
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6 The Opium Wars in China | Asia Pacific Curriculum
https://asiapacificcurriculum.ca/learning-module/opium-wars-china
The Chinese government recognized that opium was becoming a serious social problem and, in the year 1800, it banned both the production and the importation of ...
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7 Opium War | National Army Museum
https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/opium-war-1839-1842
In order to stop this, the East India Company and other British merchants began to smuggle Indian opium into China illegally, for which they demanded ...
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8 Opium trade | History & Facts - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/topic/opium-trade
Opium addiction increased, and opium importations grew rapidly during the first century of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). By 1729 it had become such a problem ...
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9 China as “Victim”? The Opium War That Wasn't
https://ces.fas.harvard.edu/uploads/files/Working-Papers-Archives/CES_WP136.pdf
opium whose import the Chinese tried to ban, while the British sold or smuggled in ... So tax payments, which had to be made in silver, were effectively tax.
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10 The West once flooded China with opium. China is returning ...
https://www.economist.com/china/2018/12/15/the-west-once-flooded-china-with-opium-china-is-returning-the-favour
It has also made it easier for people to find the ingredients, kit and talent necessary to cook them up illegally. For years the biggest such ...
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11 Drug dependence treatment in China: A policy analysis
http://fileserver.idpc.net/library/IDPC-briefing-paper_China-drug-treatment.pdf
of opium and other drugs, but made consumption an administrative offence. Under the new law, people using drugs were required to register at.
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12 First Opium War - Historic UK
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/First-Opium-War/
By 1729 smoking opium had become a serious problem in China, so much so that in 1729 Emperor Jiaqing made the selling and smoking of opium illegal.
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13 China's Struggle to Contain its Illicit Drug Problem
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/a-peoples-war-final.pdf
Illegal opium cultivation no longer exist in China because of strong state control of land use and ... years the communist government declared China a.
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14 Opium Pillow - DEA Museum
https://museum.dea.gov/museum-collection/collection-spotlight/artifact/opium-pillow
By the 19th century, opium addiction spread across China as more and more people used the drug. The Chinese government took action when upper class citizens, ...
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15 America's First Multimillionaire Got Rich Smuggling Opium
https://www.history.com/news/john-jacob-astor-opium-fortune-millionaire
Opium was technically banned in China, but merchants like Astor found a way around the ban. Large ships containing gigantic hauls of opium met ...
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16 Neuroscience For Kids - heroin
https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/hero.html
In the 17th century, many people in Europe were treated for a variety of health problems with opium. In 1729, opium smoking was made illegal in China and soon ...
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17 The Opening to China Part I: the First Opium War, the United ...
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/china-1
Beyond the health problems related to opium addiction, the increasing opium trade with the Western powers meant that for the first time, China imported more ...
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18 Opium and the Law - Chinese Historical Society
https://chsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CHSA_HP2010_06_Lim-Chong.pdf
made two major changes in the opium sections. first, sales to “Chinese or coolies” were expressly forbidden unless under a written prescription from a ...
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19 How Britain Got China Hooked on Opium I Empires of Dirt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbHAWNQRV70
Aug 28, 2020 —
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20 Having legal marijuana without problems requires coherent ...
https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/10/25/marijuana-legalization-china-opium-qing/
Opium was de facto legalized in China at the end of the 1850s, a catastrophic moment for the officials steering the late Qing state. The ...
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21 The History of Opium in the United States - ATTN:
https://www.attn.com/stories/1934/why-is-opium-illegal
Opium is a schedule I narcotic that is illegal and currently classified as having no accepted medicinal use. It was originally used in ...
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22 Underground labs in China are devising potent new opiates ...
https://www.science.org/content/article/underground-labs-china-are-devising-potent-new-opiates-faster-authorities-can-respond
The opium poppy is no longer the starting point for many street drugs ... elude law enforcement; they blindside public health authorities and make addiction ...
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23 As The Opium Trade Boomed In The 1800s, Boston Doctors ...
https://www.wbur.org/news/2017/08/01/opium-history-addiction
The story begins with a doctor's editorial in 1833, during the peak period when Boston merchants were selling the drug illegally in China.
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24 HISTORY OF OPIUM IN CHINA - Facts and Details
https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat11/sub74/item139.html
In 1799, Chinese Emperor Jiaqing (1760-1820) banned opium completely, making trade and poppy cultivation illegal. A strong edict by authorities at Canton, ...
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25 The Fall of the God of Money: Opium Smoking in Nineteenth ...
https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780742518025/The-Fall-of-the-God-of-Money-Opium-Smoking-in-Nineteenth-Century-China
In China, opium—called the Western Drug—was tied to the arrival of Christianity and Western greed. The rise of the opium demon meant the fall of the god of ...
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26 nber working paper series
https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w11355/w11355.pdf
II. Background on Opium and the History of Opium in China. Opium is produced from the opium poppy, an annual flowering plant native to Turkey.
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27 William Jardine: Architect of the First Opium War
https://www.eiu.edu/historia/Cassan.pdf
men quickly engaged in the lucrative, though illegal, opium trade and ... the British were trading opium, made it successfully out of China.
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28 Opium and the Politics of Gangsterism in Nationalist China ...
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14672715.1976.10404414
When Chinese anti-opium forces charged that laws were being broken, the Nanjing government made only perfunctory investigations. In preparation for a full- ...
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29 The PRC and its Anti-Drug War: The Opium Suppression ...
https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2092&context=hon_thesis
In cities, law enforcement raided drug factories, shut down opium dens ... themselves with revenue generated from opium produced in China. These Japanese.
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30 Ambassador Qin Gang Takes an Interview with Newsweek on ...
http://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202209/t20220930_10775097.htm
In the 19th century, Britain profited immensely from smuggling opium into China. When China decided to ban the material to save its ...
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31 Symbolism and Racism in Drug History and Policy
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/symbolism-and-racism-drug-history-and-policy
In Australia and elsewhere, these law reflected a fear of Chinese immigration. It was not opium as a substance with particular health-related effects that ...
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32 Mexico, Shanghai, and Drug History's Global Turn
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/707680
It was of course prohibition itself that made it so. When the United States prohibited imports of “smoking” opium in 1909, a multinational array ...
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33 Opium Production and Consumption in China 643 - Brill
https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004225893/B9789004225893_033.pdf
western medicine in china are made for reasons of comparison to stimu- ... Chinese knew that this was an illegal and criminal trade. how were these.
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34 Hong Kong and the Opium Wars - The National Archives
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/hong-kong-and-the-opium-wars/
Britain started growing opium in its Indian colonies and exporting it to China, where it spread through the population. China now started experiencing its own ...
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35 China's new opium wars: Battling addiction in Beijing | Health
https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/7/6/chinas-new-opium-wars-battling-addiction-in-beijing
A succession of emperors, some opium users themselves, would grapple with how best to control China's drug use. Under the Qing dynasty, China ...
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36 The Second Opium War and The Royal Marines
https://www.nps.gov/places/the-second-opium-war-and-the-royal-marines.htm
European merchants, working in conjunction with the British East India Company, began trafficking opium, an illegal drug in China (though ...
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37 Drug Control: U.S. Heroin Program Encounters Many ...
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-96-83/html/GAOREPORTS-NSIAD-96-83.htm
Opium poppies, from which heroin is derived, are grown primarily in three ... In August 1995, a training course was offered to Burmese law enforcement ...
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38 Opium and its history in Singapore | Infopedia - NLB eResources
https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_622_2004-12-16.html
However, many Chinese coolies succumbed to this vice as an escape from their harsh realities. Despite attempts to control and ban this narcotic and addictive ...
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39 The Drug War at 100 - Legal Aggregate - Stanford Law School
https://law.stanford.edu/2014/12/19/the-drug-war-at-100/
In truth the law said “No person” shall keep or visit an opium den. ... “(Americans)” made clear it was white men—not Chinese—who threatened ...
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40 Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Reconsideration
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/opium-smoking-in-late-imperial-china-a-reconsideration/BEDA008F91EADA51A7830248295AD3AC
While liquor laws differ widely from country to country, the modern system of laws against cocaine and the opiates have been established by international ...
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41 China's War on Narcotics: Two Perspectives
https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/30100/03_China_War_Narcotics.pdf
The New Opium War in China: New Threats, New Actors and New Implications . ... narcotics laws can be made more effective in tackling the drug problem.
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42 Opium Wars - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/opium-wars
Development of law in China in modern history. The first dabbling with the idea of adopting a constitution in China and implementing constitutional government ...
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43 Economic Histories of the Opium Trade - EH.net
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/economic-histories-of-the-opium-trade/
In exchange for tea, silk, and other non- (or less-) addictive commodities, China would receive opium. A consequence of the Second Opium War was the gradual but ...
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44 Opium Law and Regulations in Guangdong, 1912-1936
https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-7/paules
During this period, with the exception of a brief interlude from 1915 to 1916, opium laws were prohibition laws. Even if these laws were not always enforced ...
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45 Peter Thilly - The Opium Business - Stanford University Press
https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=33778
From its rise in the 1830s to its pinnacle in the 1930s, the opium trade was a guiding force in the Chinese political economy. Opium money was inextricably ...
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46 How European empires broke the habit of opium consumption
https://aeon.co/essays/how-european-empires-broke-the-habit-of-opium-consumption
Consuming opium was once a tolerated vice in Southeast Asia. Nowhere was it universally accepted, but it was also not an absolute evil.
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47 A CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE MODERN ASIAN OPIUM TRADE
https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1804&context=ulj
ing a multi-year program "to reduce illegal drug use and availabil- ... the India-China opium trade, stimulating both supply and demand.39.
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48 One Opium for China: The British Connection
https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520220096.003.0019
Edicts issued by the Jiaqing emperor again outlawed the smoking of opium in 1796 and its importation in 1800. Though the ban on imports formally changed the ...
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49 The Burning of Opium at Humen - Google Arts & Culture
https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-burning-of-opium-at-humen/AR2zugte
Armed opium smuggling and dumping brought China into a world of black stream and poisonous fog. It became a huge tumor of the Qing Dynasty and tremendously ...
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50 The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment | Asia for Educators
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_opium.htm
The cost to China was enormous. The drug weakened a large percentage of the population (some estimate that 10 percent of the population regularly used opium by ...
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51 Opinion | Opium War Was Nothing Like U.S. Drug Crisis
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/18/opinion/l-opium-war-was-nothing-like-us-drug-crisis-the-long-battle-won-012089.html
At the end of the 19th century, of a population of 300 million Chinese, 90 million were addicted to opium; the old Chinese empire was threatened ...
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52 China finds restaurants using opium poppies in food - BBC
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-35381169
Poppy powder, which contains low amounts of opiates, is banned as a food additive in China. However, restaurants have previously been caught ...
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53 America's War on Drugs — 50 Years Later
https://civilrights.org/blog/americas-war-on-drugs-50-years-later/
For instance, the Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 — which targeted Chinese immigrants — banned the importation and use of opium for smoking, ...
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54 A selected history of Opium - The New Humanitarian
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/25857/afghanistan-selected-history-opium
18 March 1839 Lin Tse-Hsu, imperial Chinese commissioner in charge of suppressing the opium traffic, orders all foreign traders to surrender ...
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55 Inside the Story of America's 19th-Century Opiate Addiction
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/inside-story-americas-19th-century-opiate-addiction-180967673/
By the late 1800s, women made up more than 60 percent of opium addicts ... The federal government's efforts to ban opium grew out of its new ...
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56 Moral Panic, Racialization, and the Extension of Canadian ...
https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/cbmh.16.1.65
By the mid-I920s, drug use had been thoroughly criminalized, both ... the laws were a response to Chinese opium-smoking on the West Coast,.
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57 Opium | International Law's Objects | Oxford Academic
https://academic.oup.com/book/7963/chapter/153295963
The manufacture, use, and sale of the drugs produced from the opium poppy are currently stringently regulated by international law through a variety of ...
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58 Unravelling the myth of China's 'Opium Plague'
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/unravelling-myth-of-china-s-opium-plague/
At the time of the 1912 Convention, China was widely understood to be fighting a huge addiction problem, caused by an obnoxious trade in opium ...
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59 Recent trends in drug abuse in China1 - Nature
https://www.nature.com/articles/aps200614.pdf
million people) were addicted to opium. Following a 1949 national anti-drug campaign, China became “a country free from drugs”[1,2]. However, China has been ...
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60 Chinese farmer busted for growing opium poppies to 'make ...
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2091449/chinese-farmer-busted-growing-opium-poppies-make-his-food-taste
It is illegal in China to cultivate more than 500 poppy plants, as they can be used to produce illegal drugs such as opium, morphine and ...
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61 Opium
https://www.sfu.ca/archaeology-old/museum/bville/opium.htm
Opium production remained legal in Canada until July 20, 1908. The ban was brought about by an interesting chain of events. The year before, anti-oriental ...
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62 Anti-Drug Law of the People's Republic of China - laws
http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2009-02/20/content_1471610.htm
Article 2 For the purposes of this Law, narcotic drugs include opium, ... that have made outstanding contribution to the fight against narcotic drugs.
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63 Drugs: What's race got to do with it? | CBC Radio
https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ondrugs/drugs-what-s-race-got-to-do-with-it-1.4206616
While the Chinese were being blamed for bringing opium to Canada's ... under these laws were black — even though they didn't make up the ...
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64 The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the ...
https://www.amazon.com/Debate-Chinese-Exclusion-Nineteenth-Century-American/dp/0874178444
In the mid-nineteenth century, opium-smoking was decried as a major social and public health problem, especially in the West. Although China faced its own ...
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65 The Chinese government's response to drug use and HIV/AIDS
https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-7-4
China has a long history of illicit drug use. Opium was first trafficked into China by ancient Arabians in early 700 BC [1]. During the 16th ...
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66 History of Heroin and Opium Use and Abuse - Narconon
https://www.narconon.org/drug-information/heroin-timeline.html
China's emperor, Kia King, bans opium completely, making trade and poppy cultivation illegal. A strong edict by authorities at Canton, supporting the ...
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67 Chinatown's Opium Dens - FoundSF
https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Chinatown%27s_Opium_Dens
The Burlingame Treaty of 1868 was the first attempt to stymie the opium trade in the US. The treaty formally banned the importation of opium in the US, but said ...
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68 Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China, by Frank ...
https://notevenpast.org/narcotic-culture-a-history-of-drugs-in-china-by-frank-diko%CC%88tter-lars-peter-laamann-and-zhou-xun-2004/
The prohibition laws passed in these campaigns gave authorities the right to arrest, punish, and kill opium smokers. Besides creating a criminal ...
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69 Profits and poppy: Afghanistan's illegal drug trade a boon for ...
https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/profits-poppy-afghanistans-illegal-drug-trade-boon-taliban-2021-08-16/
"The Taliban have counted on the Afghan opium trade as one of their ... In recent years, many have installed Chinese-made solar panels to ...
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70 THE JAPANESE AND OPIUM. - JAMA Network
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/470468
The use of opium in China is apparently regarded by the Japanese authorities as one of the causes of the decadence of that empire.
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71 Licit and Illicit Drugs - Chapter 6, Opium Smoking Is Outlawed
https://druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/cu/cu6.htm
Soon white men and even women were smoking opium side by side with the Chinese, a life-style which was widely disapproved. ... Many arrests were made, and the ...
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72 A History of the Drug War - Drug Policy Alliance
https://drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war
The first anti-opium laws in the 1870s were directed at Chinese immigrants. The first anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900s were directed at black men in the ...
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73 Part 2: Opium/Morphine/Heroin
http://web.uncg.edu/dcl/courses/vicecrime/m6/part2.asp
Opium smoking became such an epidemic in China that the government attempted to ban the practice. However, England made a fortune by producing and selling ...
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74 Drugs and stigma: a short history - Alcohol and Drug Foundation
https://adf.org.au/insights/drug-stigma-history/
Britain's persistence with importing smoking opium in China was, ... economic and social issues that become tied up with drug law make it ...
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75 A Short History of Drug Policy or Why We Make War on Some ...
https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=ahis_facpub
One partial exception was opium in China. In 1729 the Yongzheng Emperor banned the import of opium for madak, a disreputable opium-tobacco mixture smoked in ...
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76 Did China Have A Chance To Win The Opium War?
https://www.hoover.org/research/did-china-have-chance-win-opium-war
Only on a few occasions when the British made tactical errors by going deep inland, outside of the ship guns' range, to places like the village of ...
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77 Opium in Victoria
https://web.uvic.ca/vv/student/chinatown/opium/p3.html
In 1880, the United States and China came to an agreement that prohibited opium import into the other country. Therefore, Chinese opium merchants in the US ...
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78 Race and the Criminalization of Drugs | NPF
https://nationalpress.org/topic/race-and-the-criminalization-of-drugs/
➀ U.S. laws have often been passed in response to substance use by specific racial or ethnic groups. In the 1870s, one of the first laws against drug use ...
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79 Opium Wars | Encyclopedia.com
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/south-asian-history/opium-wars
Opium smuggling had so upset China's balance of trade that its backward economy seemed to be on the verge of collapse. The alarmed imperial authorities made ...
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80 Opium - Crime Museum
https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/drugs/opium/
Opium is an illegal, highly addictive narcotic extracted from the latex of the Asian opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). It can be smoked, snorted, ...
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81 What were the Opium Wars? (Video)
https://www.mometrix.com/academy/anti-colonial-struggles-the-opium-war/
The production and sale of opium had been illegal in China since 1729, but the trade was too lucrative for less scrupulous merchants to ...
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82 In human history, opium was always an important commodity
https://www.dandc.eu/en/blog/human-history-opium-was-always-important-commodity
A limited number of western merchants was doing business with a limited number of Chinese counterparts. Corruption was rife. In 1939, the ...
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83 What caused the First Opium War? - HistoryExtra
https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/china-britain-opium-war/
The opium trade in China had long been illegal, though enforcement of that law was negligible. Trafficking was largely conducted by British ...
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84 What can we learn from the Opium Wars between British ...
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/what-can-we-learn-from-the-opium-wars-between-british-empire-and-china/articleshow/71461004.cms
China was wrecked by illegal opium trade sponsored by the British empire — it surreptitiously exported opium grown in India and sold it in ...
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85 Old Time Farm Crime: The Opium Wars - Modern Farmer
https://modernfarmer.com/2014/02/old-time-farm-crime-opium-wars/
Opium was first outlawed there in 1729, a more forceful ban came 70 years later. The edict proclaimed it was “odious and deplorable” that “ ...
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86 did the introduction of opium change relations between China ...
https://cpb-us-e2.wpmucdn.com/sites.uci.edu/dist/5/2530/files/2016/03/10.4.1_Lesson_Opening_China.docx
Despite these restrictions, both sides learned how to make profits by cooperating with each other. The Chinese hong merchants, the key intermediaries between ...
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87 Opioids and Opioid Use in Canada - Here to Help BC
https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/visions/opioids-vol13/opioids-and-opioid-use-in-canada
As the opium trade between China and British India took off during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Chinese government banned importation of the drug in order ...
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88 Baltimore's narcotic history dates back to the 19th-century ...
https://www.baltimoresun.com/citypaper/bcp-baltimores-narcotic-history-dates-back-to-the-19thcentury-shippingdriven-boom-quietly-aided-by-bring-20141021-story.html
"There was a recognition that this was disreputable, this was smuggling," Gray continues, since China outlawed opium in 1799. ... So we don't have ...
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89 A barren island with hardly a house upon it
https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/october-2020
The cession of Hong Kong in the Treaty of Nanjing, signed on 29 August 1842, ending the Opium War and effectively ending the China Trade via Canton (Guangzhou), ...
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90 China Still Sees Opium Wars with Great-Britain as a Humiliation
https://www.highhumans.com/china-still-sees-opium-wars-with-great-brittain-as-a-humiliation/?lang=en
The Chinese government was at their end's wit, because opium addiction was turning into a real epidemic. In 1800, they decided to ban the import of opium and ...
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91 The International Heroin Market - Obama White House Archives
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/global-heroin-market
Foreign sources of opium are responsible for the entire supply of heroin consumed in ... and sent to Europe, Russia, Central Asia, China, and North America.
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92 Queen Victoria and the First Opium War
http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2021/3/7/queen-victoria-and-the-first-opium-war
China tried to put a stop to it. It declared opium illegal and banned it throughout the country. However, the British Empire wasn't ready to ...
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93 ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE OPIUM WARS FOR IMPERIAL ...
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/554260
Britain began to transfer opium produced in India into China from ... later in 1796 the Chinese government banned opium trade by taking ...
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94 THE FIRST DRUG WARS: OPIUM and BRITAIN (including ...
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/first-drug-wars-opium-britain-including-timeline-more-kevin-jaffray
In the 1880s, when the U.S. made it illegal for Americans to engage in the opium trade, a Chinese leader said, "This is the first time that ...
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