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1 CHAPTER 3: CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY CONTENT ...
https://www.fao.org/3/y5022e/y5022e04.htm
Values calculated using specific Atwater factors: 4.27 kcal/g for protein, 8.79 kcal/g for fat and 3.87 kcal/g for carbohydrates. 4 NME-1: applying values to ...
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2 Atwater system - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_system
Modified system. Based on the work of Atwater, it became common practice to calculate energy content of foods using 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and proteins and ...
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3 Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and ... - NCBI
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3396444/
They proposed a series of energy values for macronutrients as found in different food sources, and these were termed the Atwater specific ...
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4 Primary Energy Sources - NCC - Nutrition Coordinating Center
http://www.ncc.umn.edu/products/nutrients-nutrient-ratios-and-other-food-components/primary-energy-sources/
The general Atwater factors of 4 kcal/g protein, 9 kcal/g fat, 4 kcal/g carbohydrate, and 7 kcal/g alcohol are applied to all foods regardless of their type ...
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5 Atwater general factor system - Oxford Reference
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.0001/acref-9780198568506-e-679
The energy values (based on the average heats of combustion of each group and corrected for losses in digestion, absorption, and urinary excretion of urea) are ...
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6 The Atwater System - Compilers' Toolbox™
http://toolbox.foodcomp.info/ToolBox_Atwater.asp
The protein, fat and carbohydrate, alcohol contents are the variables, while the energy factors for the same compounds generally are treated as ...
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7 Why do I get a different amount of Calories when I use the 4-4 ...
https://esha.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/203442937-Why-do-I-get-a-different-amount-of-Calories-when-I-use-the-4-4-9-calculation-
For fat, the values range around 9 Calories, but not exactly 9 Calories. The same concept applies to a gram of Protein or Carbohydrate. A list of Atwater ...
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8 [PDF] Calculating the metabolizable energy of macronutrients
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311655547_Calculating_the_metabolizable_energy_of_macronutrients_a_critical_review_of_Atwater's_results
... The macronutrient distribution ranges represent the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrate, protein, and fat. The Atwater ...
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9 Atwater Energy Equivalents Overestimate Metabolizable ...
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/133/8/2581/4688016
Abstract. The Atwater energy equivalents of 16.7, 16.7 and 37.7 kJ/g of protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively, are the standard values used to ...
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10 Adjusting a nutrient database to improve calculation of percent ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889157509000143
In contrast, only general Atwater factors were applied when calculating the number of calories derived from each macronutrient in a daily diet.
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11 Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/33
The inaccuracy of the energy value calculated using the Atwater factors is likely due to their overestimation of the digestibility of macronutrients from ...
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12 How is the caloric value of food determined? - McGill University
https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/nutrition/how-caloric-value-food-determined
Today, producers use the “Atwater indirect system” to calculate calories by adding up the calories provided by the energy-containing nutrients: ...
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13 Calculating the metabolizable energy of macronutrients: a critical ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Calculating-the-metabolizable-energy-of-a-critical-S%C3%A1nchez-Pe%C3%B1a-M%C3%A1rquez-Sandoval/e6e45d268e9e79bf5b685ee54dc21683a28b81e2
The current values for metabolizable energy of macronutrients were proposed in ... Presented here is an exhaustive analysis of Atwater's work on this topic, ...
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14 Why don't my macros add up to my total calories?
https://help.macrofactorapp.com/faq/why_dont_my_macros_add_up
You could even get into more granular detail by using food-specific estimates, which account for the fact that the general Atwater factors are ...
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15 Impact of different macronutrient definitions and energy ...
http://yaroslavvb.com/papers/calories-measured.pdf
Then three sets of energy conversion factors were applied (Merrill & Watt, general. Atwater with/without energy value for fibre, and gross energy—GE).
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16 How Do Food Manufacturers Calculate the Calorie Count of ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-food-manufacturers/
The Atwater system uses the average values of 4 Kcal/g for protein, 4 Kcal/g for carbohydrate, and 9 Kcal/g for fat. Alcohol is calculated at 7 ...
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17 How Calories are Calculated in Different Countries
https://esha.com/blog/calorie-calculation-country/
4-4-9. · Atwater. · 4-4-9 adjusted for non-digestible carbohydrates and sugar alcohols. · Specific food factors approved by the FDA. · Bomb ...
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18 Energy Value of Foods - USDA ARS
https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/Classics/ah74.pdf
Atwater illustrated his method of estimating the fuel value of fat (ether extract) with the fat of meat. The coefficient of digestibility (current usage) had ...
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19 VT9: Nutrition Flashcards - Quizlet
https://quizlet.com/213892556/vt9-nutrition-flash-cards/
Average energy content of macronutrients. For human foods, the Atwater factors are as follows: 4.0 kcal for 1 g protein or 1 g carbohydrate, ...
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20 The Importance of Reporting Energy Values of Human Milk as ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.655026/full
Metabolizable energy can be estimated by multiplying each energy containing macronutrient by their Atwater factor or by lowering gross energy ...
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21 Food Data Chart - Energy
http://211.76.170.15/server/info/books-phds/books/foodfacts/html/data/data2a.html
The energy value of a particular food is calculated from a knowledge of macronutrient composition and the modified Atwater factors for these macronutrients. The ...
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22 A comparison of macronutrient-based methods for deriving ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-020-0731-0.pdf?origin=ppub
Four calorie conversion factors were used: Atwater general (ATW-GEN); Atwater milk specific (ATW-MILK), human milk.
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23 Role of the food matrix and digestion on calculation of the ...
https://edepot.wur.nl/459238
The Atwater factors, originally calculated to estimate the energy values of mixed ... the food matrix affect macronutrient digestibility and on how food ...
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24 Atwater Conversion Factors - NutriBase
https://nutribase.com/atwater.html
› atwater
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25 Elements within the Nutrition Facts table - Canada.ca
https://inspection.canada.ca/food-labels/labelling/industry/nutrition-labelling/elements-within-the-nutrition-facts-table/eng/1613599715710/1613599936553
The energy value of foods should be calculated by the Atwater method, using specific factors from the latest revisions of USDA Agriculture ...
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26 (Dis)counting calories — why you shouldn't read ... - Medium
https://medium.com/@ATCastro/dis-counting-calories-why-you-shouldnt-read-calorie-information-on-food-labels-55008262ed9f
Atwater therefore came up with correction factors for the “availability” of each macronutrient. And the curse of the average comes up again.
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27 How Do They Calculate Calories on Food Labels?
https://foodandhealth.com/calories-on-food-labels/
Atwater developed a process to determine the average number of calories in the three macronutrients in food: protein, fat, and carbohydrate. His ...
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28 Calorie conversion factors. An experimental reassessment of ...
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/calorie-conversion-factors-an-experimental-reassessment-of-the-factors-used-in-the-calculation-of-the-energy-value-of-human-diets/521FA3D3C7CCC948A6B356E72637A75C
6. These show that for practical purposes the classical Atwater factors can be used to calculate the metabolizable energy of a diet with reasonable accuracy, ...
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29 Do Nuts Have Fewer Calories Than We Thought? - FitDay
https://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/do-nuts-have-fewer-calories-than-we-thought.html
According to the Atwater factors, the macronutrients (and alcohol, which isn't classified as a nutrient, but rather as a toxin) are assigned a certain number of ...
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30 Calorie Content - AAFCO
https://petfood.aafco.org/Calorie-Content
The next step is to multiply each of the average percentages for the calorie-containing nutrients by the appropriate “modified Atwater” value.
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31 The Accuracy of Stated Energy Contents of Reduced-Energy ...
https://www.jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(09)01679-4/pdf
with values calculated from stated macronutrients ... The specific Atwater factors give estimated metabolizability of energy in different classes of foods.
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32 Calculate Energy Content for a Food Using Nutrition Facts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxLWaAWDS80
Jun 16, 2019
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33 How calories are calculated: The science behind your food
https://www.livescience.com/62808-how-calories-are-calculated.html
Atwater overcame this limitation by calculating the number of calories in different foods and then testing poop to see how many calories were ...
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34 Complete Table 1 using the Modified Atwater ... - Numerade
https://www.numerade.com/ask/question/complete-table-1-using-the-modified-atwater-values-in-table-2-in-other-terms-calculate-the-metabolizable-energy-provided-by-the-separate-macronutrients-the-total-metabolizable-energy-and-the-53585/
Complete Table 1 using the Modified Atwater Values in Table 2. In other terms, calculate the metabolizable energy provided by the separate macronutrients, ...
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35 Solved Complete Table 1 using the Modified Atwater Values in
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/complete-table-1-using-modified-atwater-values-table-2-terms-calculate-metabolizable-energ-q79090479
In other terms, calculate the metabolizable energy provided by the separate macronutrients, the total metabolizable energy, and the percentages metabolizable ...
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36 Health & Performance Science - ATWATER SYSTEM ... - Facebook
https://m.facebook.com/healthandperformancescience/posts/1462249803947630:0
ATWATER SYSTEM⚡⁣ ⁣ This system determines the energy value of foods this ... the accessibility to the macronutrients energy nutrients content compared to ...
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37 Summary of chronic disease | Eat For Health
https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/nutrient-reference-values/chronic-disease/summary
Nutrient Reference Values ... Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges for macronutrients to reduce chronic disease risk whilst still ensuring adequate ...
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38 Why You Can't Trust The Calorie Counts That You Find On Food
https://www.businessinsider.com/calorie-counts-arent-accurate-2013-7
The "4-9-4 Method" or the Atwater system is how calorie values on food labels are determined today. For instance, a bag of crackers that has 5 ...
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39 Tinkering with the USDA Food Database | by Diego Barba
https://towardsdatascience.com/tinkering-with-the-usda-food-database-5db92f7f044f
Are NaN values referring to zero nutrient measurements or simply missing measurements ... Lastly, two Atwater energies, with very few foods.
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40 Calculating calorie or kilojoule goals - Carb Manager Support
https://help.carbmanager.com/docs/how-carb-manager-calculates-energy-calorie-or-kilojoule-and-macro-goals
This article describes how Carb Manager's Macros Calculator determines your energy ... Carb Manager uses Atwater's general energy factors, ...
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41 CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 - FDA
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=101.9&SearchTerm=nutrition%20label
(A) Using specific Atwater factors (i.e., the Atwater method) given in table 13, ... (B) Using the general factors of 4, 4, and 9 calories per gram for ...
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42 Not all calories are equal – a dietitian explains the different ...
https://theconversation.com/not-all-calories-are-equal-a-dietitian-explains-the-different-ways-the-kinds-of-foods-you-eat-matter-to-your-body-156900
According to the Atwater system, one gram of each macronutrient is estimated to provide a certain number of calories. The U.S. Department of ...
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43 Using energy values for foods determine each of the following ...
https://homework.study.com/explanation/using-energy-values-for-foods-determine-each-of-the-following-round-off-the-answers-in-kilocalories-or-kilojoules-to-the-tens-place-a-the-kilojoules-in-2-tablespoons-of-crunchy-peanut-butter-that-contains-6-g-of-carb-16-g-of-fat-7-g-of-protein-b.html
The Atwater Factors is a list of the energy content in kilojoules and kilocalories present in one gram of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. If we know the ...
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44 What Are Macros and Should You Be Counting Macros?
https://fitfolk.com/what-are-macros/
If we were getting super technical we could also look at how the specific Atwater factors vary between foods, but that's really just hair splitting for ...
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45 Accuracy of the Atwater factors and related food energy ...
https://www.academia.edu/11912137/Accuracy_of_the_Atwater_factors_and_related_food_energy_conversion_factors_with_low_fat_high_fiber_diets_when_energy_intake_is_reduced
This is because some foods and diets are often based on Atwater factors. ... The digestibilities of macronutrients are vari- ance, they overestimate energy ...
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46 More practice Atwater calculation questions answers - Nutr ...
https://www.studocu.com/en-ca/document/university-of-saskatchewan/basic-nutrition/more-practice-atwater-calculation-questions-answers/6824882
According to the DRI values, protein intake is recommended to comprise between 10 – 35% of. daily kcalories. Therefore, 35% of 2300 kcal is:.
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47 Variation in the apparent faecal digestibility of macronutrients ...
https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/13952
... faecal digestibility of macronutrients and urinary energy excretion for three diets varying in fat and fibre content-- assessment of the Atwater factors ...
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48 Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors 77
https://www.sennutricion.org/media/Docs_Consenso/Food_energy_methods_of_analysis_and_conversion_factors-FAO_2002.pdf
methods of analysis of macronutrients in food and the energy conversion factors used ... conversion factors in the Atwater specific factor system vary, for.
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49 New Way to Measure Calories Using Whole Almonds
https://www.almonds.com/sites/default/files/content/attachments/new_way_to_measure_calories_using_whole_almonds.pdf
Macronutrients – protein, fat, carbohydrates ... design of clinical trials, the original Atwater Values ... Macronutrient absorption from almonds:.
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50 Why don't my calories values match when I multiply Fat ...
https://nutritionistpro.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/5000682558-why-don-t-my-calories-values-match-when-i-multiply-fat-protein-and-carbohydrates-in-my-food-
Calorie values are based on the Atwater system for determining energy values. The factors used in the calculation of energy in the database are ...
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51 Calculating the energy content of dry food. - Lifewisepetfood
https://www.lifewisepetfood.com/your-questions-answered/calculating-energy-content
So a really simple way, well actually it's not that simple.. but a way of calculating this is to use what we call Atwater Factors to do an analysis of the ...
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52 Macronutrient intake of dogs, self‐selecting diets varying in ...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jpn.12794
2.3 Diets ; Ash, 7.5, 4.8 ; Carbohydrate, 0.9, 59.3 ; Crude fibre, 1.3, 4.2 ; ME (Kcal kg−1)a a Calculated from modified Atwater factors (National ...
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53 Energy Value of Macronutrients From Almonds and ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01007188
Energy Value of Macronutrients From Almonds and Mechanisms of Nutrient Action ... of almonds than simply calculating energy value based on Atwater factors.
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54 a critical review of Atwater's results. - Abstract - Europe PMC
https://europepmc.org/article/med/27974598
The current values for metabolizable energy of macronutrients were proposed in 1910. Since then, however, efforts to revise these values have been ...
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55 How the Calorie Content in Food is Determined | The Healthy
https://www.thehealthy.com/weight-loss/how-the-calorie-content-in-food-is-determined/
Another method commonly used is the system that Atwater created. This method takes into account the amount of energy available from specific ...
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56 Go Beyond A Calories-In Calories-Out Approach
https://blog.ginihealth.com/go-beyond-a-calories-in-calories-out-approach/
Looking at your diet and nutrition in terms of calories alone might not ... to arrive at the average values of 4,4,9 for the Atwater system ...
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57 Measurement of Energy in Food and During Physical Activity
http://downloads.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/sample-content/9780781770378_mcardle/samples/98421_ch06.pdf
below) values of the various food macronutrients. Bomb ... ues and the Atwater factors, the following represents the kCal.
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58 Metabolizable energy (ME) - WildAgain Wildlife Rehabilitation
https://www.ewildagain.org/kcals-metabolizable-energy
Atwater WO (1902) Principles of nutrition and nutritive value of food. ... fats, carbohydrates, fiber and moisture content) is extremely narrow in its scope ...
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59 The origins of calorie counting (The ultimate history of ... - Blog
https://blog.jumpycatapp.com/calorie-counting-weight-loss-history/
So the Atwater factors where fats equal automatically 9 Calories/gram, and protein and carbohydrates equal 4 Calories/gram does not reveal the ...
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60 Discrepancy between the Atwater f... preview & related info
https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/9da3e948-bd5f-379e-ad93-f18a65aa4c6e/
... by the Atwater factors, which may not be accurate for certain food groups. ... feces, and urine were analyzed for macronutrient and energy contents.
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61 Cheat sheet - Physicians Association for Nutrition
https://pan-int.org/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=25190
described the Atwater factors of foods. 4.19kJ = 1 kcal. The Burkitt Hypothesis. Denis Burkitt observed the association of dietary.
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62 New study shows almonds have 20% fewer calories than ...
https://www.rpacalmonds.com/healthnews/new-study-shows-almonds-have-20-fewer-calories-than-originally-thought/
al.4 more than 100 years ago. Known as the Atwater general factors, the system assigns calorie values for every gram of protein, fat and carbohydrate ...
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63 Modelling Net Energy of Selected Commercial Diets Fed to ...
https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/12926/Asaro_Natalie_201804_Msc.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=3
accepted Atwater equations are used to predict ME values and develop feeding guidelines. These equations assign coefficients for the three macronutrients: ...
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64 Why Aren't All Calories Created Equal? A Dietitian Explains
https://www.sciencealert.com/why-aren-t-all-calories-created-equal-a-dietitian-explains
According to the Atwater system, one gram of each macronutrient is estimated to provide a certain number of calories. The US Department of ...
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65 Nutrient and Health - Energy and Protein
https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_29_02.html
If the body is a machine, then food is the fuel. Being more specific, carbohydrates, fat and protein in foods provide energy for body functions and physical ...
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66 How Do We Know Exactly How Many Carbs Are In Food?
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/know-exactly-much-carbs-calories-proteins-etc-present-food-item.html
... and calories are measured from their analytical values. ... However, modern methods make use of the Atwater system and online databases.
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67 How to calculate the calories in food? - Step To Health
https://steptohealth.com/how-to-calculate-the-calories-in-food/
Multiply each macronutrient by its caloric equivalent. The grams of protein and carbohydrate are multiplied by 4 kcal and fat by 9 kcal. For the ...
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68 Assessment of the accuracy of Atwater's general factors calculating ...
https://eurekamag.com/research/004/049/004049591.php
Since the early 1900s, Atwater's general factors have been used to ... Calculating the metabolizable energy of macronutrients: a critical review of ...
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69 Energy - NZ Nutrition Foundation
https://nutritionfoundation.org.nz/nutrition-facts/energy/
How much of each macronutrient do I need? · Carbohydrate: 45-65% of total energy · Fat: 20-35% of total energy · Protein: 15-25% % of total energy.
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70 Macronutrients: A Simple Guide to Macros - Avita Health System
https://avitahealth.org/health-library/macronutrients-a-simple-guide-to-macros/
Carbohydrates contain 4 kcal per gram · Proteins contain 4 kcal per gram · Fats contain 9 kcal per gram (this is roughly double the amount found in the other two ...
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71 Calories and Macros not adding up? Here's probably why.
https://community.myfitnesspal.com/en/discussion/10025962/calories-and-macros-not-adding-up-heres-probably-why
For instance, for cocoa, the specific Atwater factors are 1.83, 8.37, and 1.33. If you look at the USDA nutrient database entry (which MFP uses as it's generic ...
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72 Balancing macronutrient intake in a mammalian carnivore
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.160081
Because the foods were not commercially prepared products, Atwater factors of 16.7, 37.6 and 16.7 kJ g−1 were used for protein, ...
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73 6 Reasons To Stop Tracking Your Macros To The Gram
https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/6-reasons-to-stop-tracking-your-macros-to-the-gram.html
Zou, M. L., Moughan, P. J., Awati, A., Livesey, G. Accuracy of the Atwater factors and related food energy conversion factors with low-fat, high-fiber diets ...
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74 The Thermic Effect of Food: What It Is & Why It Matters (A Lot)
https://www.metflexlife.com/blog/thermic-effect-food
The Atwater System includes putting different foods in a device called a bomb ... This process gave us the calorie values for each macronutrient that we use ...
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75 100 Foods With Determined Energy Value By The Atwater ...
https://www.careomnia.com/nutrition-tool-nutrient?nutrientID=236
Foods Ranked 1 - 20 With Energy (Atwater General Factors) ; 7. Cooked Cured Bacon. (Pork, Restaurant). 501 kcal. 142 kcal ; 8.
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76 Abstract - RSC Publishing - The Royal Society of Chemistry
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2016/fo/c6fo01076h
The measured metabolizable energy (ME) of whole almonds has been shown to be less than predicted by Atwater factors. However, data are lacking ...
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77 Infographic | The Surprising Problem With Calorie Counting
https://www.precisionnutrition.com/problem-with-calorie-counting-calories-in
Most people who count calories for weight loss (or management) assume it's an ... Atwater calculated the caloric value of each food using bomb calorimetry, ...
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78 SELENIUM (Se): - Specialist: Biochemistry & Nutrition
https://www.victorjtemple.com/Nursing%20Students%20Intorduction%20Nutrition%20Handouts.pdf
Atwater Energy Factor expresses the Caloric Value of 1.0g of the respective macronutrient. ❑ Atwater Energy Factors permit the calculation of Metabolizable ...
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79 Adjusting a nutrient database to improve calculati ... - LATU
https://catalogo.latu.org.uy/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=30701
In contrast, only general Atwater factors were applied when calculating the number of calories derived from each macronutrient in a daily diet.
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80 Should we still be choosing fat-free over full-fat products?
https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/should-we-still-be-choosing-fat-free-over-full-fat-products
In the early to mid-1900s, discoveries about the energy value of different macronutrients led to the establishment of “Atwater Factors”.
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81 Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that ...
https://www.cashews.org/en/health-research/metabolizable-energy-from-cashew-nuts-is-less-than-that-predicted-by-atwater-factors
In conclusion, cashews provide fewer calories than the values predicted by the Atwater factors, as found on current food labels.
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82 How to calculate the Energy available from foods - Time-to-Run
https://www.time-to-run.com/nutrition/calculate-energy.htm
› nutrition › calculate-ene...
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83 September 22: The Man Who Proved We Are What We Eat
https://todayincthistory.com/2021/09/22/september-22-the-man-who-proved-you-are-what-you-eat/
Wilbur Olin Atwater, who died today in 1907, ... familiar to the modern fitness enthusiast: about food's macronutrients and energy value, ...
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84 Dietary Reference Values for Energy 2011 - GOV.UK
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/339317/SACN_Dietary_Reference_Values_for_Energy.pdf
These conversion factors (called the Atwater factors) are estimates of the energy content of each macronutrient and alcohol and have been rounded for.
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85 Using Gross Energy Improves Metabolizable Energy ... - PLOS
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054405
The modified Atwater factors for dogs and cats (3.5 kcal/g protein, ... processes affect macronutrient digestibility, fecal consistency, ...
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86 Nutrition Glossary - WikiVet English
https://en.wikivet.net/Nutrition_Glossary
Atwater Factors. Estimated energy contribution from each gram of protein, fat and carbohydrate. Avadin. Biotin-binding protein produced by birds ...
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87 Gross Energy Digestible Energy Metabolizable Energy - AWS
http://vetfolio.s3.amazonaws.com/7a/74/60142d9a45b0b0d79791b1bcab10/energy-how-much-is-enough-pdf.pdf
... the concentrations of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, be able to calculate the energy (kcal) of a food using Atwater and modified Atwater factors.
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88 Balancing macronutrient intake in a mammalian carnivore
https://www.voerwijzer.com/sites/voerwijzer.com/files/uploadbestanden/overigvoer/Onderzoek%20eigen%20keuze%20katten.pdf
hedonic factors in food choice and macronutrient balancing in ... not commercially prepared products, Atwater factors of 16.7, 37.6 and 16.7 kJ g.
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89 What Are Macronutrients? All You Need to Know - Healthline
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-are-macronutrients
Carbs: 4 calories per gram; Protein: 4 calories per gram; Fat: 9 calories per gram. Summary. Macronutrients include carbs, protein, and fat.
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90 Two lab reports | Chemistry homework help - SweetStudy
https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/labbreport-docx-4744877
This experiment was also done to get to understand calories in detail. PROCEDURE ... Determination of Calories according to Atwater Factors (kcal/g).
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91 Determination of calories according to Atwater factors (kcal/g)
https://paraquee.com/determination-of-calories-according-to-atwater-factors-kcalg
The average values of energy are expressed as the number of calories per 1 gram of the macronutrient. The Atwater general factor system includes energy ...
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92 Dietary reference values | EFSA - European Union
https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/dietary-reference-values
Dietary reference values (DRVs) is an umbrella term for a set of nutrient ... adequate intake ( AI ) and the reference intake range for macronutrients (RI).
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93 Atwater system
https://listcaloriesinfo.blogspot.com/2018/08/atwater-system.html
Atwater collected values from the literature and also measured the heat of combustion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
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94 Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex ...
https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQYG278V5sC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=atwater+values+for+macronutrients&source=bl&ots=8HWf_nAALo&sig=ACfU3U3iv9JVZiOkUwbMvFIiLOuApCXm8w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu9q-AlsT7AhVAkYkEHathA20Q6AF6BQjjAhAD
Atwater factors correct for losses from the three macronutrients during digestion, ... Their precise values are 16.7 kJ/g for carbohydrates and proteins, ...
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